???'?? ??????

???'?? ??????
Richard Matthew Stallman
	??????, 2019
	??????, 2019
????	16 ???? 1953 (?? 72); ?????, ??? ????
?? ????	Richard Matthew Stallman
?????	????? ?????
???? ??????	??????
?????	rms
?????	?????????? ???????; ????? ????????? ?? ???'????; ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ;
?????	?????? ??????
????? ????	??????
????? ??????	????? ??????? (1990); ??? ACM ?????? ????? (2015); ??? ???? ???? ???????? (1999); Takeda Awards (2001); ???? ?????? ?? ???????? (2013); ??? ????? ???? (1990); ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? (1998) ;
?????
	stallman.org

百度要突出实践，坚持从习近平总书记重要讲话精神中找方位、找定位、找思路、找方法，深入推进全面依法治县，坚决肃清孙政才恶劣影响和薄、王思想流毒，深入开展兴调研转作风促落实行动，真正把学习贯彻的成果体现在抓落实、出成效上。

???'?? ??'?? ?????? (???????: Richard Matthew Stallman, ????? ????? ?????? rms; ???? ??16 ???? 1953) ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? 1983 ??? ?? ?????? GNU ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???.

???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? GNU, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??copyleft (???? ??GPL) ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? Emacs, ????? GCC ????? ??????? GDB.

??1985 ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? (FSF) ????? ?? ????? ?? GNU.

????????

?????? ???? ??????, ??? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????. ??1958 ?????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????. ???? 12 ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? IBM ?????? ???? ?????? ????? IBM 7094. ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? PL/I ???? ???? IBM System/360.

???? 1971, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? MIT ???? ?????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??RMS, ???? ?????? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????. ??1974 ???? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??MIT.

????? ?????? ??????? GNU

??? ????? – ????? ?????? ???? ????

?????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? "?????????" ?"???? ?????". ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ????? ??????, ??? ??1982 ??? ??? 1983, ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? GNU ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? UNIX.

??1985 ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? (GNU Manifesto), ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???. ??? ??? ??? "?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????". ??? ?????? ??????? ?? GNU ????? ?????? ??? ??????? "?????, ?????, ????? ?????", ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??"?, ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ??copyleft (???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? "copyright", ??? ?????? ?"?????? ??????"), ??? ????? ???? ????? ??GPL, ??? "??????? ??????? ????? ?? GNU".

?? ?? ????? ??, ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????:

????? 0: ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????, ??? ????.
????? 1: ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? 1.
????? 2: ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
????? 3: ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????.

?? ??????? ??? ???:

????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???. […] ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????, ?[??] ?? ???? ????? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ?? ????? ?????? ???. ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? – ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?-1968. ?? ?? ?? ??????. ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? GNU, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

— ???'?? ??????, ??????? "????? ????????"

????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? "????? ?????? ??????" (FSF), ???? ??? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????? ???. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????.

???? 1991 ??? ??? "??? ?????? ???????".

??????

?????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ??????????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????.

??????

?????? ????? ?????? ??? "??????" ?? ??? ???? ????? GNU ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???\?????? (???????: GNU/Linux "??? ??? ??????").

?????? ???? ?? ?????? "??????" ??? ??? ???? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???, ????? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? GNU. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? GNU/LINUX, GNU+Linux ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ?????????????

?????? ???? ?? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????. ??? ?? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.^[1]

????? ???

?????? ????? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????? ???? Mashable ??2010 ???: ”??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???”.

???? ?????? ???????

?? ???? ?????? ???????: ”??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ?-i [iPhone, iPad.. ?.?.], ??????? ???? ?? ???. ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? '?????' (Jail-break) ?? ??????. ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???: ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??????. ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????.”^[2]

?????

??2011 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??? ????? BDS, ?? ?????????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????? ??????.^[3] ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????: ”??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??.”^[4] ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????.^[5]

?????? ?-MIT ?-FSF

??16 ??????? 2019 ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??MIT ?-FSF, ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?'??? ???????.^[6] ???? 2021 ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????^[7] ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? (?-3% ???? ??????? ????).^[8]

?????? ????????

?????? ??? ?? ????? POSIX – ??? ??API ?????? ?? ??? ?????? UNIX.
?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????.
?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????.
?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????.

?????

????

Stallman, Richard M (2015). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman (Third ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4.

???????

Stallman, Richard M (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.
Stallman, Richard M (2002). GNU Emacs Manual. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X.
Stallman, Richard M; McGrath, Roland; Smith, Paul D (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-83-3.

??? ??

?????? ?????

Gerard O’Regan, Giants of Computing – A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Pioneers, Springer, 2013, pp. 243–245.

??????? ????????

???'?? ??????, ???? ??????? ??? (??????)
???'?? ??????, ???? ??????? Goodreads
??? ???????? ????? ?? ???'?? ?????? (???????)
???'?? ??????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
???? ???'?? ?????? ??????? ??????? (???????)

?????

???? ????????, "????????? ??? ?????", ???? nana10‏, 25 ??????? 2007 – ????? ?? ???'?? ??????
????? ???? ?????? ???? (2011), ????? ???? ??????
?? ???, ?? ????????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ???? "????? ????????" (????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???)
Free as in Freedom Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software

????? ??????

^ Richard Stallman, Free software free society : selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, Third edition, Boston, MA, 2015, ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4
^ [????? ???????? 286: ???? ???? ?? ?????? – ???'??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (?.?.)], ???? ??? ????? ????????
^ ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ????, 29 ???? 2011
^ Edward Aronovich, FW: I have to cancel the speeches at universities, ‏Sun May 29 01:26:34 IDT 2011
^ Palestine Trip, www.stallman.org
^ ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????, 17 ??????? 2019
^ Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board, rms-open-letter.github.io (???????)
^ FSF board frequently asked questions (FAQ) — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software, www.fsf.org

[1] Richard Stallman, Free software free society : selected essays of Richard M. Stallman, Third edition, Boston, MA, 2015, ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4

[2] [????? ???????? 286: ???? ???? ?? ?????? – ???'??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? (?.?.)], ???? ??? ????? ????????

[3] ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ???? ????, 29 ???? 2011

[4] Edward Aronovich, FW: I have to cancel the speeches at universities, ‏Sun May 29 01:26:34 IDT 2011

[5] Palestine Trip, www.stallman.org

[6] ???? ????, ???'?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ????, 17 ??????? 2019

[7] Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board, rms-open-letter.github.io (???????)

[8] FSF board frequently asked questions (FAQ) — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software, www.fsf.org

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

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